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Louisiana's New Llano Colony |
[published in Louisiana Cultural Vistas, the quarterly magazine for The Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities. Winter 94-95 (vol. 5, #4)]
"A map of the world that does not include Utopia is not worth even glancing at, for it leaves out the one country at which humanity is always landing." -- Oscar Wilde
For a whole generation, the Llano Colony practiced what the rest of the American Left preached: a livable wage, an eight-hour work day, an end to child labor, quality education and cultural opportunities, social security, affordable housing, and food and health care for all in return for an honest day's work -- ideas considered not just radical but subversive in their day. Perhaps the most surprising fact of all this is that the Llano del Rio Cooperative Colony, founded in 1914, lasted so long not in its initial home of California, a state with a reputation for tolerance and liberality, but in conservative, rural Louisiana.
In California the colony's voting strength marginalized and alienated its ranching neighbors, a cause of rising tension. The colony board realized that for Llano to survive it would have to move. In 1917 a specially chartered train transported over 200 colonists, their households, and their many industries to a defunct lumber mill town in west Louisiana called Stables, soon renamed New Llano. Many were excited by the new location; however, the move put a great economic strain on the colony, from which it never quite recovered.
Llano del Rio's successes were due in part to two very different men who became the General Managers of the colony and also the social commitment of the colony's western and subsequent southern locations.
Llano (pronounced `Yaw-no') Colony was the brainchild of Job Harriman, a prominent socialist, lawyer, and seminarian, who served as Eugene Debs' vice-presidential running mate on the Socialist ticket in 1900. For many years Harriman experienced first hand that few socialist victories were won at the ballot box. To Harriman's way of thinking, the mainstream press and big business had a way of putting the worst possible spin on what socialism was all about.
It became evident to Harriman "that a people would never abandon their means of livelihood, good or bad, capitalistic or otherwise, until other methods were developed which would promise advantages at least as good as those by which they were living." This idea evolved into the Llano colony, a self-supporting socialist experiment designed to provide "equal wages, equal educational and social advantages, and equal comforts, including housing and commissary furnishings." Harriman found ready backers. Capital was raised by selling stock to members who joined the colony, and land was purchased. From the beginning, Llano del Rio was a corporation, in its own way as American as apple pie.
Celebrated author Jack London considered Harriman to be "the best socialist speaker on the West Coast." Another colleague described him as a man "of rare eloquence, deep sincerity, and irresistible personal charm." Harriman's powers of persuasion were such that within three years more than 1,000 residents flocked to Llano, far too many to sustain with the site's limited water resources.
In theory the Llano del Rio Cooperative Colony was supposed to be a self-sufficient cooperative. New members were required to purchase 2,000 shares of colony stock, paying at least 25 percent up front (this fee was reduced in Louisiana.) Membership money bought goods the colony needed to get the enterprise underway. Everyone over the age of 18 had a job. Usually jobs were assigned, but people were allowed to change jobs if they proved competent. In California, the colony advertised wages of $4 a day (the usual rate in California in 1914 was $2.50 a day), but the advertised rate could not be met until the colony was self-sufficient. In the interim, the wage became $2 a day -- one dollar would be applied to food and housing, another to unpurchased stock, if there was money available. This was usually not the case.
The first years in Louisiana were the toughest. Harriman, suffering the final stages of tuberculosis, was soon forced to return to California. Many others departed in the first year, leaving a core group behind to salvage what was left. From within this group emerged George Pickett, the man who would be the colony's only other General Manager until it went into receivership in the late 1930's.
Pickett's and Harriman's management styles couldn't have been more different. Whereas the intellectual Harriman envisioned Llano to be a totally self-supporting cooperative in keeping with its status as a social experiment, Pickett, a former insurance salesman and real estate agent, saw an opportunity to bring into the colony desperately needed cash by making their goods available to their neighbors. Harriman had been the charismatic leader who sparked the flame; Pickett was the man who figured out how to stake it. In retrospect, George Pickett was better suited to make these changes than Job Harriman. Pickett's abilities were rewarded with fierce loyalty among these early colonists.
The opening of trade immediately established a rapport with New Llano's neighbors by bringing new industries and skills to the rural hill country. Louisiana's first artesian ice plant became one of the colony's most successful ventures. People from as far away as Texas traveled to the colony to purchase blocks of ice. The colony opened the first library in Vernon Parish, considered one of the best in the state at that time. The blacksmith shop had an exclusive contract to do the metal work for the Kansas City Southern Railroad in that part of the country. Residents today can still recall how brand new shoes from the colony cobbler shop were as comfortable as if they'd been worn for two years. New Llano's veneer plant turned out some of the finest woodwork in Louisiana. Then, too, New Llano was also the first town in Vernon Parish to have electricity.
The colony did not have hard and fast rules about how outside purchases were transacted. If someone from Leesville brought in grain to be milled, the colony would either take its percentage of the grain or accept cash. This cash provided the colony with funds for necessities like oil and fuel. Fortunately for parish residents, prices at New Llano were extremely reasonable because there were no employee wages or profit-gouging to jack up the products' cost.
There was another factor in the parish's acceptance of the cooperative colony, and that was the political sympathies that lingered in the hill country from the end of the 19th century. Forty years before Llano's arrival in Vernon Parish, the lumber business had been one of the South's most profitable industries.
Like many other big businesses in its day, the industry was unregulated. The lumber owners controlled every aspect of their companies, including the workers: wages were paid in script (as company money was called) whole populations were carted around from one mill town to the next, the workers were often in debt to the company-owned stores. As a result, some of labor's first union organizing occurred in Louisiana, and west Louisiana became the site of one of the first labor strikes in America.
During this period, Louisianians supporting the unions considered themselves part of the Populist Party. By 1900 many west Louisianians were counting themselves socialists. In fact, during the 1900 presidential election, Louisianians registered more socialist votes per capita than almost any other state in the country, -- the very ticket that featured Eugene Debs and Job Harriman. "Big Bill" Haywood of The Industrial Workers of America (also known as the `Wobblies') and Emma Goldman, a prominent activist and Communist, made frequent stops at rallies in western Louisiana. In spite of the "divide and conquer" practices of the lumber companies moving their workers around, the long and bloody labor strikes continued for decades, attesting to the fervor and commitment the disenfranchised workers felt for the social reforms the unions championed.
By 1916, a year before the Llano colony moved to Vernon Parish, the I.W.W. finally gave up. This was due in part to the fact that much of the old growth timber in the region had been harvested. Profits fell and the companies began to sell off what they could.
In 1917, when the Gulf-Anderson Lumber Company arranged s sale of one of their abandoned mill towns to the Llano socialists, there was some apprehension on the part of the California colonists about their reception into their new Southern home. Although the word "socialist" was not foreign to the Louisiana colony's neighbors, it had taken on new connotations since the May and November revolutions in Russia. However, Llano soon recognized that the lifestyle the cooperators brought with them incorporated many of the social reforms they themselves had fervently supported against the lumber companies.
The social services and programs at the colony proved to be decades ahead of their time. The services were free and staffed by the members themselves. Seventy-five years before the Family Leave Act was passed, colony mothers had the option of taking up to six months off work after the birth of a child. When they returned to work, child care was provided. Years ahead of its time, a feminist revolution touched down in west Louisiana. Women, as well as men, were free to work in any area they were capable. For some women, this was in the sawmill; others chose more traditional jobs like cooking in the cafeteria or working in the sewing room.
Education was of primary importance to the colony. After four hours of study, the older children worked four hours in some related industry, applying knowledge they had learned in the classroom. So successful was this distributive approach to education that it was common for colony children who had occasion to attend public schools to skip two grades. School children might learn about construction, design irrigation systems, or operate and print a newspaper. Alternative opinions were encouraged in classroom discussions, even if they differed with the teacher's All that was asked was that the student know how to substantiate his or her position. Adults, too, availed themselves of night classes on topics as varied as philosophy, psychology, and the latest scientific farming techniques, sometimes augmented by visiting lecturers.
Medical care was available to any colonist who needed it, but it was often a mixed bag. New Llano was served by a chiropractor, Doc Williams, the only medical professional in residence. However, he was highly regarded by the colonists and later in Leesville where he and his wife Cecil practiced following the country's demise. Older people, no longer able to work, were cared for by the community. The colony's health environment seemed, on the whole, a good one. During 1918, when people throughout the parish were felled by the flu epidemic, not one colonist died. Colonists also attributed their relative good health to various factors, including goats' milk, and a near-vegetarian diet.
Llano del Rio faded into oblivion upon its demise but it was famous in its own time. Over 10,000 people called Llano home at one time or another. In 1933, Senator Morris Shepard from Texas introduced Senate Bill 1142 to establish a federal corporation to organize self-sustaining agricultural and industrial cooperative communities financed by bond issues in an effort to alleviate the unemployment problem during the Depression. The only cooperative representative to address the Senate Subcommittee was George Pickett.
Despite its utopian aim, Llano del Rio was not a perfect world. Leadership positions remained predominantly male. There were restrictions on membership. Some colony families had outside income they used to purchase luxury items like butter and store-bought dresses, causing resentment from colonists without such resources.
Human nature and its history ultimately took its toll on the colony. The colony's history was sandwiched in between two of the country's worst depressions. Both depressions impelled many to consider Llano a viable alternative to an unstable life on the outside. The difference in the Louisiana experiment was that the Llano in California had the momentum of being a new enterprise. In the late twenties, the colony in Louisiana enjoyed some of its most prosperous years. It established several satellite colonies, including a produce farm in Premont, Texas, a cattle ranch in Gila, New Mexico, and a highly profitable rice ranch in Elton, Louisiana. Not surprisingly, then, when the Depression hit in 1929, New Llano was overextended, and, like so many businesses around the country, faced financial ruin.
The colonists tried a variety of ways to get out from under debt and this factionalized the members. By 1937, Llano's records and enmities were so complicated, the community was financially paralyzed. It filed for bankruptcy and was placed into receivership. The receivership itself proved a messy state of affairs. The first receiver was declared `incompis mentis' and removed. The colony assets were so grossly undervalued and undersold at the receiver's sale in 1939 that lawsuits ensued for the next 40 years.
As history goes, the Llano del Rio Cooperative Community has been written off as a failure, like so many other Utopian communities. But was the colony a failure? As Dr. Robert Hine, a history scholar, pointed out, "How do you call Llano a failure? When two-thirds of American businesses fail within their first three years, do you call capitalism a failure? Llano lasted 25 years," a good run for any corporation.
During the next two generations, Americans enacted the Social Security Act, a minimum wage law, the family Leave Act, and other social legislation, reforms we take for granted today. And while Democrats and Republicans take credit for enacting these reforms, what is lost to history is the fact that these ideas did not originate with these mainstream groups. such causes were initially proposed and championed long before they became politically popular by those who took great risks of being blackballed, beaten, deported, jailed, and ostracized. Socialists, communists, labor unions, and cooperative communities like Llano del Rio all played their roles in bringing the need for reform into American consciousness.
Beverly Lewis is co-producer, director, and writer of American Utopia, a one hour historical documentary about America's longest-lived socialist Utopian colony, funded in part by the Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities and broadcast on WLPB-TV in November, 1994.
For more information about American Utopia, call Louisiana Public Broadcasting in Baton Rouge at (504) 767-5660.
Screenwriter Rick Blackwood is the co-producer of American Utopia. He and Ms. Lewis have worked together on several documentaries. He is the head of the Screenwriting Program in the English Department at LSU in Baton Rouge. He recently completed a script for the producers of Free Wail and Date.